• Emergence of early/palliative intracardiac repairs and staged strategies for congenital defects, using less invasive access routes and sequential corrections to transform lethal lesions into survivable conditions. [3], [2], [4], [16], [18]

• Adoption of hypothermia and limited cardiopulmonary bypass to enable complex intracardiac surgery in neonates and infants, reducing metabolic demand and protecting tissues. [1], [12], [13]

• Valvular disease management in children through early valve replacement and prostheses, highlighting growth-related adequacy and need for subsequent intervention. [17], [5], [9], [10]

• Rhythm management after pediatric cardiac surgery, focusing on postoperative heart block and pacing strategies. [14], [15]

• Single-ventricle palliation and Fontan-era strategies to support univentricular physiology, including shunts and corrective palliation. [19], [6], [11]